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[97]R.J.Smith，China’s Cultural Heritage：The Ch’ing Dynasty 1644–1911 (Boulder，Col.，and London，1983)，pp.190ff.
1707502451
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[98]Ibid.，p.108.
1707502453
1707502454
[99]C.P.Fitzgerald，The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People (London，1972)，pp.152–155.
1707502455
1707502456
[100]F.H.Bray，‘Some Problems Concerning the Transfer of Scientific and Technological Knowledge’，in Lee (ed.)，China and Europe，p.16.
1707502457
1707502458
[101]Smith，Cultural Heritage，pp.185–187.
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[102]关于中国政治组织的长期趋势的两种非常有用的看法，参见J.A.Fogel，Politics and Sinology：The Case of Naito Konan，1866–1934 (Cambridge，Mass.，1984)以及J.Schrecker，The Chinese Revolution in Historical Perspective (New York，1991)。
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[103]C.Totman，Early Modern Japan (London，1993)，p.140.
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[104]江户是第一个人口达到100万的城市，参见H.Jinnai，‘The Spatial Structure of Edo’，in C.Nakane and S.Oishi (eds.)，Tokugawa Japan：The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan (Tokyo，1990)。
1707502465
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[105]Totman，Early Modern Europe，p.149.
1707502467
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[106]S.Nakamura，‘The Development of Rural Industry’，in Nakane and Oishi (eds.)，Tokugawa Japan，pp.81–85.
1707502469
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[107] E.Kato，‘The Early Shogunate and Dutch Trade Policies’，in L.Blusse and F.Gaastra (ed.)，Companies and Trade (Leiden，1981).
1707502471
1707502472
[108]A.Reid，‘An Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian History’，Modern Asian Studies 24，1 (1990)，pp.10,21.
1707502473
1707502474
[109]M.Jansen，China in the Tokugawa World (Cambridge，Mass.，1992)，p.16
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[110]Ibid.，p.7.
1707502477
1707502478
[111]Ibid.，p.8.
1707502479
1707502480
[112] Totman，Early Modern Japan，p.138;Jansen，Tokugawa World，p.35.
1707502481
1707502482
[113]Y.Yonezawa and C.Yoshizawa，Japanese Painting in the Literati Style (Eng.trans.New York，1974).
1707502483
1707502484
[114]Jinnai，‘The Spatial Structure of Edo’，p.148.
1707502485
1707502486
[115] Totman，Early Modern Japan，p.261.
1707502487
1707502488
[116]A.Reid，Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce，1450–1680 (2 vols.，New Haven，1988，1993)，vol.2，第3章。
1707502489
1707502490
[117]J.S.Trimingham，A History of Islam in West Africa (pbk edn，Oxford，1970)，pp.131–136.
1707502491
1707502492
[118]Ibid.，p.122.
1707502493
1707502494
[119]B.Lewis，The Muslim Discovery of Europe (London，1982)，p.237;H.A.R.Gibb and H.Bowen，Islamic Society and the West：A Study of the Impact of Western Civilization on Moslem Culture in the Near East，vol.1：Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century，第1部分，（London，1950），p.214.
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[120]参见J.Mokyr，The Lever of Riches：Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (Oxford，1990)，第4章。
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[121]Trimingham，Islam，pp.141–142.
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