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[72]Blanchard，Russia’s Age of Silver，pp.218ff。到1710年，税负等于粮食收成的64%，大致接近国民产量。参见R.Hellie，‘Russia’，in R.J.Bonney (ed.)，The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe c.1200–1815 (Oxford，1999)，p.497。
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[73]Hughes，Russia，第7章、第9章。
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[74]Kliuchevskii引用在‘The Weber Thesis and Early Modern Russia’，p.333，in Baron，Muscovite Russia。
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[75]Letiche and Dmytryshyn，Russian Statecraft，pp.lxiii–lix.
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[76]S.A.M.Adshhead，China in World History (3rd edn，London，1995)，p.243.
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[77]“清”的意思是“纯”。
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[78]L.D.Kessler，K’ang-hsi and the Condolidation of Ch’ing Rule 1661–1684 (Chicago，1976)，p.10.
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[79]J.E.Wills，‘Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shih Lang’，in J.Spence and J.E.Wills (eds.)，From Ming to Ch’ing (New Haven，1979)，p.226.
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[80]Kessler，K’ang-Hsi，p.86.
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[81]V.S.Miasmikov，The Ch’ing Empire and the Russian State in the 17th Century (1980;Eng.tran.London，1985)，p.183.
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[82]Wills，‘Maritime China’，p.228.
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[83]J.E.Wills，‘Ch’ing Relations with the Dutch 1662–1690’，in J.K.Fairbank (ed.)，The Chinese World Order：Traditional China’s Foreign Relations (Cambridge，Mass.，1968)，p.245.
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[84]Joseph E.Fletcher，‘China and Central Asia，1368–1884’，in Fairbank (ed.)，Chinese World History.
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[85]J.Spence，Emperor of China：Self-portrait of K’ang-hsi (New York，1974)，p.9.
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[86]Miasnikov，Ch’ing Empire，p.94.
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[87]Ibid.，p.286.
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[88]Pei Huang，Aristocracy at Work：A Study of the Yung-Cheng Period (Bloomingtot，Ind.，1974)，p.181.
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[89]Huang，Aristocracy，p.160;总体上见B.Bartlett，Monarchs and Ministers (Berkeley and Los Angles，1991).
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[90]P.C.Perdue，Exhausting the Earth：State and Peasant in Human 1500–1850 (Cambridge，Mass.，1987)，p.10.
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[91]Ibid.，p.22.
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[92]M.Elvin，The Pattern of the Chinese Past (London，1973)，p.248.
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[93]关于江南地区及棉花贸易，见M.Elvin，‘Market Towns and Waterways：The Country of Shanghai from 1480 to 1910’，in M.Elvin，Another History：Essays on China from a European Perspective (Sydney，1996)，p.109。
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[94]关于中国和欧洲的现代早期经济的比较，见K.Pomeranz，The Great Divergence：China，Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton，2000)，pp.106–107。
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[95]Spence，Emperor of China，p.78.
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[96]Ibid.，p.83.
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