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[122]关于这个阶段的最近研究，见I.Parvev，Habsburgs and Ottomans Between Vienna and Belgrade (1683–1739)(New York，1995)。B。
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[123]B.Masters，The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East：Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo (New York，1988);D.Goffman，Izmir and the Levantine World，1550–1650 (Seattle，1990).
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[124]Lewis，Discovery，p.296.
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[125]Memoirs of the Baron de Tott on the Turks and the Tartars (Eng.trans.2 vols.，1785)，vol.2，p.15;Lewis，Discovery，p.153.
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[126]P.Goubert，Cent mile provinciaux au XVIle siede：Beaucais at les Beauvaisis de 1600 a 1750 (pbk edn，Paris，1968)，pp.172–173.
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[127] Rifa’at Ali Abou El-Haj，The Formation of the Modern States：The Ottoman Empire，Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries (Albany，NY，1991)，p.10.
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[128]Carol B.Stevens，‘Modernising the Military：Peter the Great and Military Reform’，in J.Kotilaine and M.Poe (eds.)，Modernising Muscovy：Reform and Social Changes in Seventeenth-Century Russia (London，2004)，pp.247–262，esp.pp.258–259.
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[129]参见L.Valensi，Le Maghreb acant la prise d’Algrs (1800–1830) (Paris，1969);A.C.Hess，‘The Forgotten Frontier：The Ottoman North African Provinces’，in T.Naff and R.Owen (eds.)，Studiews in Eighteenth-Century Islamic History (Carbindale，Ill.，1977)，pp.71–83。
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[130]H.Inalcik，‘Centralization and Decentralization in Ottoman Administration’，in Naff and Owen (eds.)，Islamic History，pp.38–46.
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[131]参见B.McGowan，‘The Age of the Ayans，1699–1812’，in H.Inalcik with D.Quataert (eds.)，An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914 (Cambridge，1994)，pp.664–676。
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[132]关于开罗的咖啡贸易，A.Raymond，Artisans el commercants au Caire an XVIIle siecle (Deamascus，1972)，p.144。关于伊斯迈尔的迅速崛起，见S.Faroqhi，Towns and Townsmen of Ottoman Anatolia (Cambridge，1984)，p.6。
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[133]J.Carswell，‘From the Tulip to the Rose’，in Naff and Owen (eds.)，Islamic History，pp.328–329.
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[134]参见S.Faroqhi，‘Crisis and Change，1590-1699’，in H.Inalcik with D.Quataert (eds.)，Ottoman Empire，p.526，以及B.McGowan，‘The Age of the Ayans’，p.724。
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[135]S.Blake，Shahjahanabad：The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639–1739 (Cambridge，1991).
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[136]R.M.Eaton，The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier 1204–1760 (pbk edn，London，1996)，pp.288ff.
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[137]C.A.Bayly，Rulers，Townsmen nad Bazaars：North India Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870 (Cambridge，1983)，p.155.
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[138]T.Raychaudhuri and I.Habib (eds.)，The Cambridge Economic History of India，vol.1：c.1200–1750 (Cambridge，1982)，p.396;J.R.McLane，Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth Century Bengal (Cambridge，1993)，p.31.
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[139]T.Raychaudhuri and I.Habib (eds.)，Economic History，vol.1，pp.400–402.
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[140]Ibid.，p.417.
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[141]参见下面的出色文章，见F.Perlin，‘Commercial Manufacture and the Modity，Category，Sign and Identiry：Their Production as Myth and Knowledge’ (Aldershot，1994)，尤其是pp.81–82。
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[142]E.Maclagan，The Jusuits and the Great Moghul (London，1932)，p.268.
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[143]Ibid.，p.269.
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[144] Ibid.，pp.243ff.
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[145]L’Escaliot致Sir T.Browne的信，1664年1月28日，见N.C.Kellar and D.V.Apte (eds.)，English Records on Shivaji (Poona，1931)，p.73。
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[146]Ibid.，p.374.
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