1707503370
1707503371
[60]《黑暗的中心》(The Heart of Darkness)于1902年出版。该资料来自Everyman版本(London,1974),p.62。
1707503372
1707503373
[61]关于Embu的研究,参见C.H.Ambler,Kenyan Communities in the Age of Imperialism (New Haven,1988)。
1707503374
1707503375
[62]Winwood Reade,The Martydom of Man (London,1872),p.242。在到20世纪20年代成为广为阅读的(以及特别原创的)书中,Reade的目标是坚持非洲并不存在于世界历史之外,而是在其中起了中心作用。
1707503376
1707503377
[63]M.Osborne,The River Road to China (London,1975),p.186.
1707503378
1707503379
[64]L.Subramanian,‘Banias and the British:The Role of Indigenous Credit in … Imperial Expansion in Western India’,Modern Asian Studies 21 (1987),pp.473–510.
1707503380
1707503381
[65]20年后,英属印度的三个“领地”孟加拉(包括印度北部大部)、孟买和马德拉斯的军队,总计超过27万人。M.K.Pasha,Recruitment and Underdevelopment in the Punjab (Karachi,1998),p.32。
1707503382
1707503383
[66]公司统治时代的最佳简短研究,见D.A.Washbrook,‘India,1818–1860:The Two Faces of Colonialism’,in A.Porter (ed.),The Oxford History of the British Empire,vol.3:The Nineteenth Century (Oxford,1999),pp.395–421。也参考他的‘Economic Depression and the Making of “Traditional” Society in Colonial India 1820–1855’,Trnsactions of the Royal Historical Society,6th Series,3 (1993),pp.237–263。
1707503384
1707503385
[67]Thornton’s Gazeteer of India 1857 (London,1857),pp.136,175.
1707503386
1707503387
[68]S.David,The Indian Mutiny (London,2002),p.397.
1707503388
1707503389
[69]Ibid.,p.346.
1707503390
1707503391
[70]关于起义及其原因,见R.C.Majumdar,The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857 (Calcutta,1968);C.A.Bayly,Empire and Information (Cambridge,1996),ch.9;E.T.Stokes,The Peasant and the Raj (Cambridge,1978);C.A.Bayly,‘Two Colonial Revolts:The Java War and the Indian “Mutiny” of 1857–1859’,in C.A.Bayly and D.A.Kolff (eds.),Two Colonial Empires (Dordrecht,1986);F.Robinson,‘The Muslims of Upper India and the Shock of the Mutiny’,in his Islam and Muslim History in South Asia (New Delhi,2000),pp.138–155。
1707503392
1707503393
[71]Stokes,Peasant,p.150,脚注。
1707503394
1707503395
[72]参见Stokes,The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford,1959)。
1707503396
1707503397
[73]“同治”是1862—1874年的中国皇帝的年号;“明治”是1868—1912年日本天皇的年号。
1707503398
1707503399
[74]经典评述仍是M.Greenberg,British Trade and the Opening of China (Cambridge,1951)。
1707503400
1707503401
[75]参见J.K.Fairbank,Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast (Cambridge,Mass.,1953)。
1707503402
1707503403
[76]冯桂芬写于1860—1861年的论文,被送给他的保护人曾国藩,这个清朝中兴的关键人物。参见S.Teng and J.K.Fairbank (eds.),China’s Response to the West (Cambridge,Mass.,1979),pp.50–53。
1707503404
1707503405
[77]参见J.Spence,God’s Chinese Son:The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (New York,1996)的最好的近现代历史。
1707503406
1707503407
[78]在1853—1863年期间,捻军控制的地区大于英国。参见S.Y.Teng,The Nien Army and their Guerilla Warfare (The Hague,1961),pp.219ff。
1707503408
1707503409
[79]关于最近的研究,见J.Lee,‘Trade and Economy in Pre-Industrial East Asia c.1500–c.1800:East Asia in the Age of Global Integration’,Journal of Asian Studies 58,1 (1999),pp.2–26。
1707503410
1707503411
[80]在19世纪10年代和50年代期间,鸦片消费增长了七成。参见Y.P.Hao,The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth-Century China:The Rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Capitalism (Berkeley and London,1986),p.69。
1707503412
1707503413
[81]P.Richardson,Economic Change in China c.1800–1950 (London,1999),p.21.
1707503414
1707503415
[82]参见Mary C.Wright,The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism:The Tung-chih Restoration 1862–1874 (Standford,1957)。
1707503416
1707503417
[83]关于这个事件,见H.B.Morse and H.F.MacNair,Far Eastern International Relational Relations (2nd edn,Cambridge,Mass.,1931),p.352。
1707503418
1707503419
[84]Wright,Last Stand,p.195.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70750337e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]