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[19]Richardson,ForestryinCommunistChina,一张未编号也无页码的广东省森林照片。
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[20]亦可参见马立博《虎、米、丝、泥》第35页照片。
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[21]例如在云南省,这种国有资源拍卖本应该向所有能购买这些土地的人公开,但实际却采取了秘密的形式,以便将这些国有资源输送到利益相关者的手中,参见Janet Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes:ThePoliticsofAkhaLandUseinChinaand Thailand(Seattle,WA:University of Washington Press,2005),91-94。
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[22]Liu,“Tenure and Management,”250.
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[23]另一种不同的观点可参见Maurice Meisner,TheDengXiaopingEra:AnInquiryintotheFateofChineseSocialism 1978-1994(New York,NY:Hill and Wang,1996),248。
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[24]Liu,“Tenure and Management,”256.
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[25]Ibid.
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[26]Sen WANG et al.,“Mosaic of Reform:Forest Policy in Post-1978 China,”Forest PolicyandEconomics 6(2004);在世界银行的网站上列有详细的环境项目名单。
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[27]Sen WANG et al.,“Mosaic of Reform:Forest Policy in Post-1978 China,”Forest PolicyandEconomics 6(2004):77.
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[28]Ibid.,74.
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[29]James Harkness,“Recent Trends in Forestry and Conservation of Biodiversity in China,”TheChinaQuarterly no.156(1998):914.
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[30]Vaclav Smil,TheBadEarth,16.
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[31]Liu Dacheng,“Reforestation after Deforestation in China,”in TheGoodEarth:RegionalandHistoricInsightsintoChina’sEnvironment,eds.Ken-ichi and Nickum,90-105,亦见Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.2。
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[32]曲格平、李金昌:《中国人口与环境》,第69页。
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[33]Nicholas Menzies,“‘The Villagers’View of Environmental History in Yunnan Province,”in SedimentsofTime,eds.Elvin and Liu,115,118.中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编:《积渐所至》,第185、188页。
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[34]对于饥荒的原因——是自然原因还是政治原因——仍有很多争论,其中对毛“大跃进”的批评,可参见Jasper Becker,HungryGhosts:Mao’sSecretFamine(New York,NY:First Owl Books,Henry Holt and Co.,1998)。最新的研究可参见Dikötter,Mao’sGreatFamine。
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[35]关于“三线建设”的总体情况,可参见Barry Naughton,“The Third Front:Defence Industrialization in the Chinese Interior”,theChinaQuarterly no.115(1988):351-386。夏竹丽在她的书中也考察了这一战略对环境的影响,参见Mao’s War againstNature:PoliticsandtheEnvironmentinRevolutionaryChina(New York,NY:Cambridge University Press,2001),ch.4。
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[36]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,152.
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[37]曲格平、李金昌:《中国人口与环境》,第74页。与大寨截然不同的观点可参见William Hinton’s,Shenfan:TheContinuingRevolutioninaChineseVillage(New York,NY:Random House,1983),682-693(中译本见韩丁:《深翻:中国一个村庄的继续革命纪实》,中国国际文化出版社,2008);“Dazhai Revisited”,MonthlyReview 39,no.10(1988);Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.3。
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[38]转引自Peter Ho,“Mao’s War against Nature? The Environmental Impact of the Grain-First Campaign in China,”TheChinaJournal,no.50(July 2003):51。译者注:青海省农业厅:《盛开在草原的红花——记全面大丰收的德令哈农场》,《中国农垦》1959年第1期。
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[39]上述及更多的例子参见Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.3;曲格平、李金昌《中国人口与环境》;Vaclav Smil,TheBadEarth,ch.1;而相反的观点则可参见Peter Ho,“Mao’s War against Nature?”37-59。
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[40]Liu,“Reforestation after Deforestation,”91.
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[41]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,18-21.
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[42]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,18-21.
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[43]Ibid.,92.
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