打字猴:1.707588405e+09
1707588405
1707588406 [19]Richardson,ForestryinCommunistChina,一张未编号也无页码的广东省森林照片。
1707588407
1707588408 [20]亦可参见马立博《虎、米、丝、泥》第35页照片。
1707588409
1707588410 [21]例如在云南省,这种国有资源拍卖本应该向所有能购买这些土地的人公开,但实际却采取了秘密的形式,以便将这些国有资源输送到利益相关者的手中,参见Janet Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes:ThePoliticsofAkhaLandUseinChinaand Thailand(Seattle,WA:University of Washington Press,2005),91-94。
1707588411
1707588412 [22]Liu,“Tenure and Management,”250.
1707588413
1707588414 [23]另一种不同的观点可参见Maurice Meisner,TheDengXiaopingEra:AnInquiryintotheFateofChineseSocialism 1978-1994(New York,NY:Hill and Wang,1996),248。
1707588415
1707588416 [24]Liu,“Tenure and Management,”256.
1707588417
1707588418 [25]Ibid.
1707588419
1707588420 [26]Sen WANG et al.,“Mosaic of Reform:Forest Policy in Post-1978 China,”Forest PolicyandEconomics 6(2004);在世界银行的网站上列有详细的环境项目名单。
1707588421
1707588422 [27]Sen WANG et al.,“Mosaic of Reform:Forest Policy in Post-1978 China,”Forest PolicyandEconomics 6(2004):77.
1707588423
1707588424 [28]Ibid.,74.
1707588425
1707588426 [29]James Harkness,“Recent Trends in Forestry and Conservation of Biodiversity in China,”TheChinaQuarterly no.156(1998):914.
1707588427
1707588428 [30]Vaclav Smil,TheBadEarth,16.
1707588429
1707588430 [31]Liu Dacheng,“Reforestation after Deforestation in China,”in TheGoodEarth:RegionalandHistoricInsightsintoChina’sEnvironment,eds.Ken-ichi and Nickum,90-105,亦见Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.2。
1707588431
1707588432 [32]曲格平、李金昌:《中国人口与环境》,第69页。
1707588433
1707588434 [33]Nicholas Menzies,“‘The Villagers’View of Environmental History in Yunnan Province,”in SedimentsofTime,eds.Elvin and Liu,115,118.中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编:《积渐所至》,第185、188页。
1707588435
1707588436 [34]对于饥荒的原因——是自然原因还是政治原因——仍有很多争论,其中对毛“大跃进”的批评,可参见Jasper Becker,HungryGhosts:Mao’sSecretFamine(New York,NY:First Owl Books,Henry Holt and Co.,1998)。最新的研究可参见Dikötter,Mao’sGreatFamine。
1707588437
1707588438 [35]关于“三线建设”的总体情况,可参见Barry Naughton,“The Third Front:Defence Industrialization in the Chinese Interior”,theChinaQuarterly no.115(1988):351-386。夏竹丽在她的书中也考察了这一战略对环境的影响,参见Mao’s War againstNature:PoliticsandtheEnvironmentinRevolutionaryChina(New York,NY:Cambridge University Press,2001),ch.4。
1707588439
1707588440 [36]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,152.
1707588441
1707588442 [37]曲格平、李金昌:《中国人口与环境》,第74页。与大寨截然不同的观点可参见William Hinton’s,Shenfan:TheContinuingRevolutioninaChineseVillage(New York,NY:Random House,1983),682-693(中译本见韩丁:《深翻:中国一个村庄的继续革命纪实》,中国国际文化出版社,2008);“Dazhai Revisited”,MonthlyReview 39,no.10(1988);Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.3。
1707588443
1707588444 [38]转引自Peter Ho,“Mao’s War against Nature? The Environmental Impact of the Grain-First Campaign in China,”TheChinaJournal,no.50(July 2003):51。译者注:青海省农业厅:《盛开在草原的红花——记全面大丰收的德令哈农场》,《中国农垦》1959年第1期。
1707588445
1707588446 [39]上述及更多的例子参见Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.3;曲格平、李金昌《中国人口与环境》;Vaclav Smil,TheBadEarth,ch.1;而相反的观点则可参见Peter Ho,“Mao’s War against Nature?”37-59。
1707588447
1707588448 [40]Liu,“Reforestation after Deforestation,”91.
1707588449
1707588450 [41]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,18-21.
1707588451
1707588452 [42]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,18-21.
1707588453
1707588454 [43]Ibid.,92.
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