打字猴:1.707588455e+09
1707588455
1707588456 [44]Sandra Postel and Lori Heise,ReforestingtheEarth,Worldwatch Paper 83(Washington,DC:Worldwatch Institute,1988),51-52.
1707588457
1707588458 [45]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,163,153-156.
1707588459
1707588460 [46]Wang et al.,“Mosaic of Reform:Forest Policy in Post-1978 China,”74,77.
1707588461
1707588462 [47]李波:《云南吉沙:旅游开发中的环境与文化保护》,载梁从诫主编:《2005年:中国的环境危局与突围》,社会科学文献出版社,2006。
1707588463
1707588464 [48]美国国家气候资料中心,http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/chinaflooding/chinaflooding.html。
1707588465
1707588466 [49]Elizabeth Economy,TheRiverRunsBlack:TheEnvironmentalChallengeto China’sFuture(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2004),121.中译本见易明:《一江黑水》,第62页。
1707588467
1707588468 [50]James Harkness,“Recent Trends in Forestry and Conservation of Biodiversity in China,”theChinaQuarterly no.156(December 1998):924-926.
1707588469
1707588470 [51]Brook Lamer and Alexandra A.Seno,“A Reckless Harvest:China Is Protecting Its Own Trees,But Has Begun Instead To Devour Asia’s Forests,”Newsweek,January 27,2003.http://newweek.com/id/62877.实际上,中国的木材需求只是苏门答腊低地地区热带雨林砍伐日益严重的原因之一,造纸用纸浆和棕榈油生产是更主要的原因,参见常理:《“APP风波”备忘录》,载梁从诫主编:《2005年:中国的环境危局与突围》。
1707588471
1707588472 [52]Lamer and Seno,“A Reckless Harvest.”
1707588473
1707588474 [53]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,166,193-195,209-215.
1707588475
1707588476 [54]Xu Guohua and L.J.Peel,eds.,TheAgricultureofChina(Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1991),4.
1707588477
1707588478 [55]Williams,BeyondGreatWalls,25.
1707588479
1707588480 [56]James A.Millward and Peter C.Perdue,“Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century,”in Xinjiang:China’sMuslim Borderland,ed.S.Frederick Starr(Armonk,NY:M.E.Sharpe,2004),30.
1707588481
1707588482 [57]Williams,BeyondGreatWalls,15.
1707588483
1707588484 [58]Ibid.,ch.2.
1707588485
1707588486 [59]David Sneath,ChangingInnerMongolia:PastoralMongolianSocietyandthe ChineseState(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000),83,85.
1707588487
1707588488 [60]Ibid.,85.
1707588489
1707588490 [61]Ibid.,86.
1707588491
1707588492 [62]Ibid., 135-136.
1707588493
1707588494 [63]Ibid.,136.
1707588495
1707588496 [64]Williams,BeyondGreatWalls,ch.3.
1707588497
1707588498 [65]Kobayashi Tatsuaki and Yang Jie,“Eco-historical Background and the Modern Process of Desertification in the Mu-us Sand Land with Reference to Pastoral Life,”in TheGoodEarth,eds.Abe and Nickum,243-244.
1707588499
1707588500 [66]Ibid.,249.姜戎的《狼图腾》用文学的形式反映了内蒙古草原变迁的某些真实情况。
1707588501
1707588502 [67]Ibid.,250.
1707588503
1707588504 [68]John Longworth and Gregory J.Williamson,China’sPastoralRegion:Sheepand Wool,MinorityNationalities,RangelandDegradationandSustainableDevelopment(Canberra,AU:The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research,1993),311.
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