1703125666 爪牙：清代县衙的书吏与差役 [:1703122902]

1703125667 爪牙：清代县衙的书吏与差役 尾注

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1703125669 (1)Mark A. Allee, Law and Society in Late Imperial China, Northern Taiwan in the Nineteenth Century, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994; David C. Buxbaum,“Some Aspects of Civil Procedure and Practice at the Trial Level in Tanshui and Hsinchu from 1789 to 1895”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol.30, No.2(1971), pp. 255－279；戴炎辉：《清代台湾之乡治》，台北：联经出版事业股份有限公司，1979；Philip C. C. Huang,“Between Informal Mediation and Formal Adjudication: The Third Realm of Qing Justice”, Modern China, Vo.19, No.3(1993), pp. 216－240; Philip C. C. Huang, Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996。

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1703125671 (2)Joseph W. Esherick & Ye Wa, Chinese Archives, An Introductory Guide, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, p. 280.

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1703125673 (3)四川省档案馆编：《四川省档案馆馆藏档案概述》，成都：四川省社会科学院出版社，1988，第10页。

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1703125675 (4)译者注：英文原书此处使用的“legitimacy”一词，其中文译法目前尚不统一，有将其译为“合法性”，亦有将其译为“正当性”。本书作者在全书中乃是从马克斯·韦伯所说的意义上使用这一概念。为了避免中西语境中对“法”/“law”之理解的微妙差异所可能引发的误解，尤其是考虑到受过法学训练的读者很可能会下意识地从实定法（positive law）意义上来理解“合法性”，而本书作者在前后文当中又反复强调人数众多的非经制吏役在清代县衙当中的存在本身便违反了朝廷颁布的正式法律规定，故而我们将英文原书中的“legitimacy”译为“正当性”。

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1703125677 此外，本书作者在英文原书的一些地方还使用了“legality”这一概念，意在强调该做法等符合当时正式法律的明文规定。为了避免“合法性”概念在广义和狭义上的区别所可能造成的混淆，我们将英文原书中的“legality”译为“合法律性”。

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1703125679 (5)译者注：屠仁守生于清道光乙未年十二月二十二日（1836年2月8日），卒于光绪癸卯年十二月二十四日（1904年2月9日）。据《清史稿·屠仁守传》记载：“屠仁守，字梅君，湖北孝感人。同治十三年进士，选庶吉士，授编修。光绪中，转御史。”此处所引之语，摘自屠仁守的《谨革除钱粮积弊片》，原句为“朝廷有轻赋之名，州县有重敛之实，良法美意坏于奸胥蠹役而莫之省忧”。参见鲁子健：《清代四川财政史料》（上册），成都：四川省社会科学院出版社，1984，第587页。

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1703125681 (6)［清］贺长龄辑：《皇朝经世文编》，台北：国风出版社，1963，卷24，第8页。

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1703125683 (7)Winston W. Lo, An Introduction to the Civil Service of Sung China, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987, p. 24.

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1703125685 (8)Jonathan K. Ocko, Bureaucratic Reform in Provincial China, Ting Jih－ch’ang in Restoration Kiangsu, 1867－1870, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 133－135, 176.

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1703125687 (9)James T. C. Liu, “The Sung Views on the Control of Government Clerks,” The Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 10, No. 2－3 (1967), p. 331.

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1703125689 (10)E. A. Kracke, Civil Service in Early Sung China, 960－1067, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953, p. 47; James T. C. Liu, “The Sung Views on the Control of Government Clerks”, The Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 10, No. 2－3 (1967), p. 318; William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, p. 24.

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1703125691 (11)［清］徐栋辑：《牧令书》，清同治七年（1868）江苏书局刻本，卷4，第30页。

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1703125693 (12)William Fredrick Mayers, The Chinese Government: A Manual of Chinese Titles Categorically Arranged and Explained, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1878; H. S. Brunnert and V. V. Hagelstrom, Present－Day Political Organization of China,台北：成文出版社，1978；Hsieh Pao－chao, The Government of China, 1644－1911, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925; Thomas A. Metzger, The Internal Organization of Ch’ing Bureaucracy: Legal, Normative, and Communicative Aspects, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973; Silas Wu, Communication and Imperial Control in China: Evolution of the Palace Memorial System, 1693－1735, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970。

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1703125695 (13)例如，John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; Jonathan K. Ocko, Bureaucratic Reform in Provincial China, Ting Jihch’ang in Restoration Kiangsu, 1867－1870, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983; Philip C. C. Huang, The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985; Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986；Keith R. Schoppa, Chinese Elites and Political Change: Zhejiang Province in the Early Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982; Keith R. Schoppa, Xiang Lake－Nine Centuries of Chinese Life, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989; Min Tu－ki, National Polity and Local Power, The Transformation of Late Imperial China, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989; Madeline Zelin, The Magistrate’s Tael, Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth－Century Ch’ing China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984。

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1703125697 (14)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, pp. 353－390.

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1703125699 (15)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, Chapter 7.

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1703125701 (16)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, pp. 353－390; Madeline Zelin, The Magistrate’s Tael, Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth－Century Ch’ing China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, Chapter 2.

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1703125703 (17)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, p. 211.

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1703125705 (18)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, pp. 375－376, 384.

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1703125707 (19)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, p. 375.

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1703125709 (20)Max Weber, Economy and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp. 956－969; Reinhard Bendix, Max Weber, An Intellectual Portrait, Garden City: Doubleday Anchor, 1960, pp. 423－430.

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1703125711 (21)关于这一问题的讨论，详见Martin Albrow, Bureaucracy, New York: Praeger, 1970, Chapter 1。

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1703125713 (22)Leon Vandermeersch,“An Enquiry into the Chinese Conception of Law”, in Stuart R. Schram, ed., The Scope of State Power in China, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1985, pp. 14－15。另可参见Sybille van der Sprenkel, Legal Institutions in Manchu China: A Sociological Analysis, New York: Humanities Press, 1962, p. 70。

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1703125715 (23)Max Weber, Economy and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp. 212－214。另可参见Dennis H. Wrong, Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses, New Brunswick: Transaction, 1995, pp. 35－41。

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