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英文疑难详解 92．must 用于过去时态
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英文助动词 must 的过去形是 had to，但常见在过去动词后的子句中仍然接用 must，而不用 had to，是不是 must 也可以当作过去动词用？
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【解答】是的，must 在某种条件之下是可以当作过去形用的。兹分别举例说明如下：
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（1）在间接说法（indirect speech）中，仍保留直接说法时的 must，以表示那种主观的决心，如：
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He said he must speak with his master.= He said，“ I must speak with my master.”（他说他一定要跟他老板谈一下。）
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She told them that they must get everything ready themselves.= She said to them，“ You must get everything ready yourselves.”（她要他们必须自己把一切准备好。）
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（2）虽无间接说法的形式，却有间接说法的意味时，也要用 must，如：
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He could not be idle；he must always be doing something.= He said to himself：“ I must always be doing something.”（他觉得他不能懒惰，他必须不停地做事。）
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They saw that they must awaken the public conscience.（他们明白他们必须唤醒民众的良心。）
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（3）在条件句中，must 可用作过去假设，而含有 would be bound to 之意：
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If he had looked，he must have seen the light of the approaching train.（= If he had looked，he would have been bound to see 或 he would be bound to have seen.）（如果他看了的话，他一定看到了那奔驰而来的火车的灯光。）
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Had it been otherwise， I must long ago have perished.（要不然的话，我一定早就死去了。）
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If he knew her real nature，he must hate her.（如果他知道她真实的性格的话，他一定会恨她的。）
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（4）在附属子句中有时也用 must：
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He knew suddenly who the woman must be.—— Jespersen（他突然明白了那女人一定是谁。）
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There was a friend whom I must call on immediately.（有一个朋友我必须立刻去拜访。）
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（5）在表示事情的悖逆反常也可以用 must，中文的意思为“偏偏”、“偏巧”：
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Just when we were ready to go away for the holidays，the bady must catch measles！（正当我们准备动身出去度假时，偏巧婴儿出疹子。）
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Just as I was busiest，he must come worrying.（正当我最忙的时候，他偏要跑来麻烦。）
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As I was sitting down to supper，the telephone must ring.（我一坐下来吃饭，偏偏电话就来了。）
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注意：在假设语气中只有表“推测”的才用 must，其余表“必要”或“义务”时，仍得用 had to 或 be obliged to，例如：
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If all this was true，he would have to resign his office.（如果这些是事实的话，他必得辞职的。）
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If I had to support my family， I would leave school without finishing the course.（如果我要养家的话，我就得不毕业离校了。）
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