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全球帝国史:帖木儿之后帝国的兴与衰(1400-2000) 阅读材料
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这并不是旨在提供本书中使用材料的完整书目,这些细节能够在每章的脚注和参考资料中找到。这里提供的是我选择的文章和书目,我认为特别有用的或有趣的,会让感兴趣的读者进一步追寻我讨论得太过简要的思想和论题。
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1 一般著作
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W.H.McNeill的The Rise of the West (Chicago,1964)迄今为止仍然是书写一部一卷本世界历史的最宏大的尝试。其中大部分讲述1500年前的世界。它富于内在洞察力,其结论仍然在思想上引人深思。McNeill的一些关键思想可以在他的Europe’s Steppe Frontier (London,1974)和Plagues and Peoples (London,1976)中找到,后者分析了瘟疫疾病作为一种历史力量的重要性。Fernand Braudel的三卷本的Civilisation and Capitalism 15th to 18th Century (英译本,London,1981-1984)一书,是现代早期世界的经济社会模式全景式看法。E.L.Jones的The European Miracle
:Environments,Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge,1981)和Kenneth Pomeranz的The Great Divergence
:China,Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton,2000)提出了(部分地)欧洲经济优势的相互矛盾的解释。Marshall G.S.Hodgson的The Venture of Islam (3 vols.,Chicago,1974)以及他的Rethinking World History
:Essays in Europe,Islam and World History (Cambridge,1993),两者都幽默地出版了,提供了以伊斯兰世界,而非欧洲作为中心的世界史视角。
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Owen Latimore的The Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York,1940)用一种强调内亚驱动力的观点代替了一种中国历史的海洋的和西方的观点。与Hodgson和McNeill一样,Latimore强调定居民和游牧民的相互影响,这个被伊斯兰历史学家Ibn Khaldun(1332—1406)最为出色地分析的主题,他的Muqadimmah:An Introduction to History于1377年出版,并于1958年译成英文(此前被译成法语)。P.S.Khoury和J.Kostiner(eds.)的Tribes and States Formation in the Middle East (London,1990)把Khaldun式的思想运用到现代中东历史中。
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在一大堆欧洲扩张对其他文化和人民的影响的著作中,Eric Wolf的Europe and the People without History (London,1982)占有显著地位,部分是他提供的人类学洞察力。寻找欧洲帝国主义一般性论述的读者会发现,没有什么堪与J.Gallagher和R.Robinson的文章中所包含的思想相比拟,‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’,刊载于Economic History Review,New Series,6,1 (1953),pp.1-15。
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2 中世纪欧亚大陆
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P.Brown的The World of Late Antiquity (London,1971)是关于欧亚大陆渊源的眼花缭乱的著作。R.W.Southern的The Making of the Middle Ages (London,1953)仍是中世纪早期欧洲历史的最为令人陶醉的入门书。G.Duby的The Early Growth of the European Economy (1973;英译本,Ithaca,NY,1974)现在应该堪与C.Wickham的Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford,2005)相比美。R.Bartlett的The Making of Europe
:Conquest,Colonization and Cultural Change 950–1350 (London,1993)和R.Fletcher的The Conversion of Europe (London,1997)描述了基督教欧洲的形成。J.Abulughod的Before European Hegemony
:The World System 1250–1350 (New York,1989)和Marshall G.S.Hodgson的The Venture of Islam (3 vols.,Chicago,1974)提供了非欧洲中心论的中世纪欧亚大陆观点。A.Wink的Al-Hind
:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World,vol.1
:Early Mediaeval India and the Expansion of Islam,7th–11th Centuries (Leiden,1996)、A.Hourani的A History of the Arab Peoples (London,1991)和D.Pipes的Slaves Soldiers and Islam (New Haven and London,1981)研究了中世纪的伊斯兰世界。M.Elvin的The Pattern of the Chinese Past (London,1973)、A.Waldron的The Great Wall
:From History to Myth (Cambridge,1990)和J.A.Fogel的Politics and Sinology
:The Case of Naito Konan,1866–1934 (Cambridge,Mass.,1984)提供了关键洞察力。E.O.Reischauer和J.K.Fairbank的East Asia
:The Great Tradition(Boston,1958)仍是一个很好的起点。V.Lieberman的Strange Parallels
:Southeast Asia in Global Context c.800–1830 (Cambridge,2003)在比较史学中是一个激动人心的尝试。
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3 欧亚大陆与大发现时代
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F.Braudel的The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (1966;英译本,2 vols.,London,1972–1973)是一部有着令人震惊的艺术性的著作,一部历史能够怎么书写的展示。C.Cipolla的European Culture and Overseas Expansion (London,1970)研究了关键主题。J.D.Tracy编辑的The Political Economy of Merchant Empires
:State Power and World Trade 1350–1750 (Cambridge,1991)包含了一系列引人入胜的篇章。关于葡萄牙的扩张有S.Subrahmanyam的Vasco da Gama (London,1997)和The Portuguese Empire in Asia 1500–1700 (London,1993)。关于西班牙的扩张有H.Kamen的Spain’s Road to Empire
:The Making of a World Power (London,2002)。关于俄国扩张的不那么熟悉的故事,可以在下列著作中找到:G.V.Lantzeff和R.A.Pierce的Eastward to Empire (Montreal and London,1973)、W.C.Fuller的Strategy and Power in Russia,1600–1914 (New York,1992)、M.Khodarkovsky的Russia’s Steppe Frontier
:The Making of a Colonial Empire 1500–1800 (Bloomington,Ind.,2002)和A.S.Dommelly的The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria 1552–1740 (New Haven and London,1968)。
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关于“欧亚大陆中部”的伊斯兰世界有:H.Inalcik与D.Quataert编辑的An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914 (Cambridge,1994)、H.Inalcik的The Ottoman Empire
:The Classical Age,1300–1600 (London,1973)、C.Kafadar的Between Two World
:The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley,Los Angeles and London,1995)、M.Kunt和C.Woodhead的Suleiman the Magnificent and his Age (London,1995)、P.Jackson与W.Lockhart编辑的The Cambridge History of Iran,vol.6
:The Timurid and Safavid Periods (Cambridge,1986)、J.F.Richards的The Mughal Empire(Cambridge,1993)以及S.A.M.Adshead,Central Asia in World History (London,1993)。
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A.Reid的Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce,1450–1680 (2 vols.,New Haven,1988,1993)用某种布罗代尔(Braudel)的精神把环境的、经济的和政治的历史整合起来了。D.Twitchett和F.Mote编辑的The Cambridge History of China,vol.8
:The Ming Dynasty,1368–1644,第二部分,(Cambridge,1998)和P.J.Smith与R.von Glahn编辑的The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History (Cambridge,Mass.,2003)提供了论中国的新近研究。
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4 现代早期欧亚大陆
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R.J.Bonney编辑的Economic Systems and State Finance (Oxford,1995)处理旧体制欧洲的根本方面。A.Sorel的Europe and the Franch Revolution
:The Political Transitions of the Old Regime(1885;英译本,London,1969)对18世纪的欧洲外交提供了一份精彩的、若讽刺的介绍文字。J.de Vries和Ad van der Woude的The First Modern Economy
:Success,Failure and Perspective of the Dutch Economy,1500–1815 (Cambridge,1997)解释了欧洲最成功的前工业经济的极限。L.Hughes的Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (London,1998)评价了彼得改革的影响。
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欧洲在亚洲的商业活动的内容,可以在Holden Furber的Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient 1600–1800 (Minneapolis,1976;重印于New Delhi,2004)中找到。J.E.Wills的‘Maritime Asia,1500–1800
:The Interactive Emergence of European Domination’,载于American Historical Review 98,1 (1993),pp.83–105,对最近的研究是一份有用的概述。S.F.Dale的Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade 1600–1750 (Cambridge,1994)是陆上贸易的持续重要性的一个提醒。对奥斯曼帝国变迁的经典研究是H.A.R.Gibb与H.Bowen的Islamic Society and the West
:A Study of the Impact of Western Civilisation on Moslem Culture in the Near East,vol.1
:Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century (2部,London,1950,1957)。萨非伊朗崩溃后的混乱,在J.R.Perry的Karim Khan Zand (Chicago,1979)中描述。关于莫卧儿权力的发展有J.F.Richards的The Mughal Empire (Cambridge,1993)、Jos Gommans的Mughal Warfare
:Indian Frontiers and the Highroads to Empire 1500–1700 (London,2002)和R.M.Easton的The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier 1204–1760 (London,1993)。
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J.Spence 的Treason by the Book (London,2001)与P.C.Perdue的China Marches West (Cambridge,Mass.,2003)研究了中国成功的伟大年代的不同侧面。L.Struve编辑的The Qing Formation in World Historical Time(Cambridge,Mass.,2004),尽管是一个令人难以亲近的题目,却包含了中国历史的富有价值的近著选要。
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关于日本有C.Totman的Early Modern Japan (London,1993)和M.Jansen的China in the Tokugawa World (Cambridge,Mass.,1992)。
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5 欧亚大陆革命
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P.W.Schroeder的The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (Oxford,1994)与C.A.Bayly的Imperial Meridian (London,1988)有助于观察地理政治场景。R.J.Bonney编辑的The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe c.1200–1815 (Oxford,1999)探讨了欧洲投射其权力能力的重要因素。
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P.Bairoch的Victoires et deboires
:Histoire economique et sociate du monde du xvi siecle a nos jours (3 vols.,Paris,1997)对经济变迁提供了一个全景式描述,不过还没有译成英文。对英国的经济变迁的争论有P.Hudson的The Industrial Revolution(London,1992)、J.Mokyr的The Lever of Riches
:Technological Creativity and Economic Progress(Oxford,1990)、E.A.Wrigley的Continuity Chance and Change
:The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England(Cambridge,1988)、N.F.R.Crafts的British Economic Growth During the Industrial Revolution (Oxford,1985)和J.E.Inikori的Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England
:A Study in International Trade and Economic Development (Cambridge,2002)。基于数据证据,对欧亚经济表现的重要重新评价有R.C.Allen,‘Real Wages in Europe and Asia
:A First Look at the Long-Term Patterns’,见R.C.Allen、T.Bengtsson和M.Dribe编辑的Living Standards in the Past
:New Perspective on Well-Being in Asia and Europe(Oxford,2005)。
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R.Owen的The Middle East in the World Economy 1800–1914 (London,1981)、Kenneth Pomeranz的The Great Divergence
:China,Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton,2000)和C.A.Bayly Rulers的Townsmen and Bazaars
:North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870 (Cambridge,1983)研究了中东、中国和印度各自的经济史。
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P.Marshall编辑的The Eighteenth Century in Indian History
:Evolution or Revolution (New Delhi,2003)收集了许多对英国扩张阶段的印度历史研究。J.J.L.Gommans的The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire,c.1710–1780(Leiden,1995)对北印度的政治变迁历史增添了一个重要的衡量尺度。P.Kuhn的Soulstealers
:The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 (Cambridge,Mass.,1990)和J.M.Polachek的The Innerr Opium War (Cambridge,Mass.,1991)揭示了中国的政治和文化方面。关于文化和思想生活有A.Hourany的Islam in European Thoughts (Cambridge,1991)、B.Lewis的The Muslim Discovery of Europe (London,1993)、N.Hampson的The Enlightenment (London,1968)、Gulfishan Khan的Indian Muslim Perespections of the West in the Eighteenth Century(Oxford,1998)和R.Drayton的Nature’s Government
:Science,Imperial Britain and the ‘Improvement’ of the World (London,2000)。
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6 漫长的19世纪
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R.E.Robinson与J.A.Gallagher的Africa and the Victorians (London,1961)是一部从心理学角度探讨扩张时代英帝国政策的杰作。D.K.Fieldhouse的Economics and Empire 1830–1914 (London,1973)无可挑剔地评论了欧洲帝国缔造的经济和非经济影响。W.Woodruff的The Impact of Western Man
:A Study of Europe’s Role in the World Economy 1750–1960 (London,1966)提供了许多可靠的信息。C.A.Nayly的The Birth of the Modern World 1780–1914
:Global Connections and Comparisons(Oxford,2004)强调了世界大部分地区的社会、文化和政治变迁的对照。D.Abernethy的The Dynamics of Global Dominance
:European Overseas Empires 1415–1980 (New Haven,2000)覆盖了更长的阶段,充满了分析性的思想。K.H.O’Rourke和J.G.Williamson的Globalization and History
:The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge,Mass.,1999)全面解释了19世纪出现的世界经济。强调东亚贸易重要性的有K.Sugihara编辑的Japan,China,and the Growth of the Asian International Economy,1850–1949 (Oxford,2005)。欧洲的思想扫描有J.W.Burrow的The Crisis of Reason (London,2000)。在J.MacKenzie的Orientalism
:History,Theory and the Arts (Manchester,1995)中,令人信服地强调了欧洲对“东方”反映的正反两面性。
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关于俄国,没有什么可以与M.Malia的Russia under Western Eyes (Cambridge,Mass.,1999)相比的了,但是,D.Lieven的Russia’s Rulers under the Old Regime (London,1989)透过沙皇体制的实质来揭示该体制实际上运作的优点——或者缺点。对非洲历史介绍最好的书是J.Iliffe的Africans
:The History of a Continent (Cambridge,1995);对非洲地区历史最好的评论是A.G.Hopkins的An Economic History of West Africa (London,1973)。关于奥斯曼中东史有S.Deringil的The Well-Protected Domains
:Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire,1876–1909 (London,1962;再版于Cambridge,1983)和A.Hourani,‘Ottoman Reform and the Politics if Notables’,刊于A.Hourany、P.S.Khoury和N.C.Wilson编辑的The Modern Middle East (London,1993),pp.83–109。关于伊朗H.Algar的Relition and State in Iran 1785–1906 (Berkeley and Los Angeles,1969)是基础性著作。K.Fahmy的All the Pasha’s Men
:Mehmed Ali,his Army and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cairo,2002)逆转了许多将19世纪埃及神秘化的趋势。刊载于J.Gallagher、G.Johnson A.Seal 编辑的Locality,Province and Nation (Cambridge,1973)的A.Seal的文章‘Imperialism and Nationalism in India’依然是对殖民统治如何引起一种民族主义反应的最有说服力的描述。R.Bin Wong的China Transformed
:Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience(Ithaca,NY,1997)是对中国经历的特别有刺激性的评述。J.Hevia的English Lessons
:The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China (London,2003)研究了欧洲强制把中国纳入殖民模式的努力。E.H.Norman的Japan’s Emergence as a Modern State (New York,1940)是一部被人忽视的经典著作。
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